Description of Industries and Summary of Findings

INDUSTRY 2411, LOGGING

This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in cutting
timber and producing rough, round, hewn, or riven primary forest or wood
raw materials. Also included in this industry are establishments primarily
engaged in producing wood chips in the field. Independent contractors
engaged in estimating or trucking timber, but who perform no cutting
operations are classified in nonmanufacturing industries.  Establishments
primarily engaged in collecting bark, sap, gum, and other forest products
are classified in major group 08.

The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title
also are the same.

In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 2411, Logging, had employment
of 83.6 thousand. The employment figure was 3 percent below the 85.8
thousand reported in 1987. Compared with 1991, employment increased 7
percent. The 1991 data are based on the Census Bureau's annual survey of
manufactures (ASM), which is a sample survey conducted each year between
censuses.

The leading States in employment in 1992 were Oregon, Washington, Alabama,
and Georgia, accounting for approximately 37 percent of the industry's
employment. These same States were the leaders in 1987 when they accounted
for 40 percent of the industry's employment.

The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry
was $13.8 billion.

Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well
as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have
some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts.
Industry 2411 shipped $12.6 billion of logging products considered primary
to the industry, $277.2 million of secondary products, and had $971.5
million of miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work. Thus, the
ratio of primary products to the total of both secondary and primary
products shipped by establishments in this industry was 98 percent
(specialization ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio also was 98
percent.

Establishments in this industry also accounted for 95 percent of products
considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually
produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio also was 95 percent.

The products primary to industry 2411, no matter in what industry they were
produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $13.2 billion. For
further explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B
and the appendixes.

The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by
establishments classified in the logging industry amounted to $8.8 billion.
Data on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7.

Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 5 employees
were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these
establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports
were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from
administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry
averages. These establishments accounted for 28 percent of the total value
of shipments.