Description of Industries and Summary of Findings

INDUSTRY 2752, COMMERCIAL PRINTING, LITHOGRAPHIC

This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in printing by
the lithographic (offset) process. Establishments primarily engaged in book
printing without publishing are classified in industry 2732, and greeting
card printers in industry 2771. Establishments primarily engaged in
preparing lithographic or offset plates and in related services are
classified in industry 2796. Establishments primarily engaged in providing
photocopying services are classified in service industries, industry 7334.

The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title
also are the same.

In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 2752, Commercial Printing,
Lithographic, had employment of 439.9 thousand. The employment figure was 9
percent above the 403.9 thousand reported in 1987. Compared with 1991,
employment increased 10 percent. The 1991 data are based on the Census
Bureau's annual survey of manufactures (ASM), which is a sample survey
conducted each year between censuses.

The leading States in employment in 1992 were California, Illinois, New
York, and Pennsylvania, accounting for approximately 31 percent of the
industry's employment. These same States were the leaders in 1987 when they
accounted for 33 percent of the industry's employment.

The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry
was $43.6 billion.

Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well
as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have
some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts.
Industry 2752 shipped $39.8 billion of products considered primary to the
industry, $2.4 billion of secondary products, and had $1.4 billion of
miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work.  Thus, the ratio of
primary products to the total of both secondary and primary products
shipped by establishments in this industry was 94 percent (specialization
ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio also was 94 percent.

Establishments in this industry also accounted for 94 percent of products
considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually
produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio also was 94 percent.

The products primary to industry 2752, no matter in what industry they were
produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $42.4 billion. For
further explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B
and the appendixes.

The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by
establishments classified in this industry amounted to $18.7 billion.  Data
on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7.

Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 5 employees
were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these
establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports
were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from
administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry
averages. These establishments accounted for 15 percent of the total value
of shipments.


INDUSTRY 2754, COMMERCIAL PRINTING, GRAVURE

This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in gravure
printing. Establishments primarily engaged in making and preparing plates
for printing are classified in industry 2796.

The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title
also are the same.

In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 2754, Commercial Printing,
Gravure, had employment of 21.5 thousand. The employment figure was 10
percent below the 23.8 thousand reported in 1987.

The leading States in employment in 1992 were Illinois, Tennessee, and
Indiana. This represents a shift from 1987 when Illinois, Tennessee, and
Pennsylvania were the leading States.

The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry
was $3.6 billion.

Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well
as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have
some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts.
Industry 2754 shipped $3.1 billion of products considered primary to the
industry, $445.5 million of secondary products, and had $43.0 million of
miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work.  Thus, the ratio of
primary products to the total of both secondary and primary products
shipped by establishments in this industry was 87 percent (specialization
ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio was 85 percent.

Establishments in this industry also accounted for 89 percent of products
considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually
produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio was 94 percent.

The products primary to industry 2754, no matter in what industry they were
produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $3.4 billion. For further
explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B and the
appendixes.

The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by
establishments classified in this industry amounted to $1.9 billion.  Data
on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7.

Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 10 employees
were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these
establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports
were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from
administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry
averages. These establishments accounted for 7 percent of the total value
of shipments.


INDUSTRY 2759, COMMERCIAL PRINTING, N.E.C.

This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in commercial
or job printing, not elsewhere classified, including letterpress,
flexographic, and screen printing (except on textiles). It also includes
establishments engaged in engraving printing and nonimpact printing.
Establishments primarily engaged in screen printing on textiles are
classified in Industry 2396, Automotive and Apparel Trimmings.

The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title
also are the same.

In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 2759, Commercial Printing,
N.E.C., had employment of 107.3 thousand. The employment figure was 15
percent below the 125.8 thousand reported in 1987. Compared with 1991,
employment decreased 20 percent. The 1991 data are based on the Census
Bureau's annual survey of manufactures (ASM), which is a sample survey
conducted each year between censuses.

The leading States in employment in 1992 were California, Ohio, New York,
and Illinois, accounting for approximately 33 percent of the industry's
employment. These same States were the leaders in 1987 when they accounted
for approximately 30 percent of the industry's employment.

The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry
was $9.3 billion.

Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well
as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have
some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts.
Industry 2759 shipped $8.2 billion of products considered primary to the
industry, $653.5 million of secondary products, and had $459.3 million of
miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work.  Thus, the ratio of
primary products to the total of both secondary and primary products
shipped by establishments in this industry was 93 percent (specialization
ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio was 92 percent.

Establishments in this industry also accounted for 89 percent of products
considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually
produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio was 87 percent.

The products primary to industry 2759, no matter in what industry they were
produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $9.2 billion. For further
explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B and the
appendixes.

The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by
establishments classified in this industry amounted to $3.8 billion.  Data
on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7.

Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 5 employees
were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these
establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports
were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from
administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry
averages. These establishments accounted for 19 percent of the total value
of shipments.