Description of Industries and Summary of Findings INDUSTRY 3491, INDUSTRIAL VALVES This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing industrial valves. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing fluid power valves are classified in industry 3492; those manufacturing plumbing fixture fittings and trim are classified in industry 3432; and those manufacturing plumbing and heating valves are classified in industry 3499. The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title also are the same. In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 3491, Industrial Valves, had employment of 51.4 thousand. The employment figure was 12 percent above the 45.9 thousand reported in 1987. Compared with 1991, employment increased 12 percent. The 1991 data are based on the Census Bureau's annual survey of manufactures (ASM), which is a sample survey conducted each year between censuses. The leading States in employment in 1992 were Texas, California, Pennsylvania, and Iowa, accounting for approximately 32 percent of the industry's employment. This represents a shift from 1987 when Texas, California, Pennsylvania, and Illinois accounted for approximately 32 percent of the industry's employment. The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry was $6.8 billion. Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts. Industry 3491 shipped $5.5 billion of industrial valves products considered primary to the industry, $831.3 million of secondary products, and had $424.2 million of miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work. Thus, the ratio of primary products to the total of both secondary and primary products shipped by establishments in this industry was 87 percent (specialization ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio was 84 percent. Establishments in this industry also accounted for 90 percent of products considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio was 88 percent. The products primary to industry 3491, no matter in what industry they were produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $6.1 billion. For further explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B and the appendixes. The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by establishments classified in the industrial valves industry amounted to $2.7 billion. Data on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7. Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 15 employees were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry averages. These establishments accounted for 5 percent of the total value of shipments. INDUSTRY 3492, FLUID POWER VALVES AND HOSE FITTINGS This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing hydraulic and pneumatic valves, hose and fittings, and hose assemblies for fluid power systems. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing fluid power cylinders are classified in industry 3593; those manufacturing fluid power pumps are classified in industry 3594; and those manufacturing hydraulic intake and exhaust motor vehicle valves are classified in industry 3592. The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title also are the same. In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 3492, Fluid Power Valves and Hose Fittings, had employment of 28.2 thousand. The employment figure was 1 percent above the 27.9 thousand reported in 1987. The leading States in employment in 1992 were Ohio, California, Michigan, and Illinois, accounting for approximately 48 percent of the industry's employment. These same States were the leaders in 1987 when they accounted for 51 percent of the industry's employment. The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry was $3.3 billion. Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts. Industry 3492 shipped $2.7 billion of fluid power valves and hose fittings products considered primary to the industry, $386.7 million of secondary products, and had $175.2 million of miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work. Thus, the ratio of primary products to the total of both secondary and primary products shipped by establishments in this industry was 88 percent (specialization ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio was 89 percent. Establishments in this industry also accounted for 83 percent of products considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio was 75 percent. The products primary to industry 3492, no matter in what industry they were produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $3.3 billion. For further explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B and the appendixes. The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by establishments classified in the fluid power valves and hose fittings industry amounted to $1.5 billion. Data on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7. Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 10 employees were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry averages. These establishments accounted for 3 percent of the total value of shipments. INDUSTRY 3493, STEEL SPRINGS, EXCEPT WIRE This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing leaf springs, hot wound springs, and coiled flat springs. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing wire springs are classified in industry 3495. The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title also are the same. In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 3493, Steel Springs, Except Wire, had employment of 4.4 thousand. The employment figure was 11 percent below the 5.0 thousand reported in 1987. The leading States in employment in 1992 were Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Ohio, and Indiana, accounting for approximately 60 percent of the industry's employment. This represents a shift from 1987 when Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, and Connecticut accounted for approximately 60 percent of the industry's employment. The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry was $495.8 million. Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts. Industry 3493 shipped $380.5 million of steel springs, except wire, products considered primary to the industry, $52.5 million of secondary products, and had $62.8 million of miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work. Thus, the ratio of primary products to the total of both secondary and primary products shipped by establishments in this industry was 88 percent (specialization ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio was 87 percent. Establishments in this industry also accounted for 82 percent of products considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio was 49 percent. The products primary to industry 3493, no matter in what industry they were produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $466.0 million. For further explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B and the appendixes. The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by establishments classified in the steel springs, except wire industry amounted to $244.8 million. Data on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7. Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 5 employees were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry averages. These establishments accounted for 6 percent of the total value of shipments. INDUSTRY 3494, VALVES AND PIPE FITTINGS, N.E.C. This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing metal valves and pipe fittings not elsewhere classified, such as plumbing and heating valves and pipe fittings, flanges, and unions, except from purchased pipes. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing plastics pipe fittings are classified in industry 3089; those manufacturing plumbing fixture fittings and trim are classified in industry 3432; and those manufacturing fittings and couplings for garden hose are classified in industry 3429. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing fluid power valves are classified in industry 3492, and those manufacturing other industrial valves are classified in industry 3491. Establishments primarily engaged in fabricated pipe fittings from purchased metal pipe by processes such as cutting, threading, and bending are classified in industry 3498. The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title also are the same. In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 3494, Valves and Pipe Fittings, N.E.C., had employment of 16.6 thousand. The employment figure was 34 percent below the 25.1 thousand reported in 1987. Compared with 1991, employment decreased 34 percent. The 1991 data are based on the Census Bureau's annual survey of manufactures (ASM), which is a sample survey conducted each year between censuses. The leading States in employment in 1992 were Pennsylvania, Ohio, Texas, and Illinois, accounting for approximately 49 percent of the industry's employment. This represents a shift from 1987 when Pennsylvania, Ohio, California, and Indiana accounted for approximately 44 percent of the industry's employment. The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry was $2.0 billion. Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts. Industry 3494 shipped $1.6 billion of valves and pipe fittings, not elsewhere classified, products considered primary to the industry, $265.3 million of secondary products, and had $104.2 million of miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work. Thus, the ratio of primary products to the total of both secondary and primary products shipped by establishments in this industry was 86 percent (specialization ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio was 88 percent. Establishments in this industry also accounted for 83 percent of products considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio was 85 percent. The products primary to industry 3494, no matter in what industry they were produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $2.0 billion. For further explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B and the appendixes. The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by establishments classified in the valves and pipe fittings, not elsewhere classified, industry amounted to $924.5 million. Data on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7. Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 20 employees were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry averages. These establishments accounted for 10 percent of the total value of shipments. INDUSTRY 3495, WIRE SPRINGS This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing wire springs from purchased wire. Establishments primarily engaged in assembling wire bedsprings or seats are classified in industry major group 25. The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title also are the same. In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 3495, Wire Springs, had employment of 18.0 thousand. The employment figure was 9 percent below the 19.7 thousand reported in 1987. Compared with 1991, employment decreased 10 percent. The 1991 data are based on the Census Bureau's annual survey of manufactures (ASM), which is a sample survey conducted each year between censuses. The leading States in employment in 1992 were Illinois, Ohio, and Michigan, accounting for approximately 29 percent of the industry's employment. This represents a shift from 1987 when Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio accounted for approximately 36 percent of the industry's employment. The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry was $1.7 billion. Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts. Industry 3495 shipped $1.4 billion of wire products considered primary to the industry, $157.0 million of secondary products, and had $149.5 million of miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work. Thus, the ratio of primary products to the total of both secondary and primary products shipped by establishments in this industry was 90 percent (specialization ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio was 91 percent. Establishments in this industry also accounted for 94 percent of products considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio was 93 percent. The products primary to industry 3495, no matter in what industry they were produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $1.5 billion. For further explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B and the appendixes. The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by establishments classified in the wire springs industry amounted to $792.2 million. Data on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7. Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 10 employees were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry averages. These establishments accounted for 5 percent of the total value of shipments. INDUSTRY 3496, MISCELLANEOUS FABRICATED WIRE PRODUCTS This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing miscellaneous fabricated wire products from purchased wire, such as noninsulated wire rope and cable; fencing; screening, netting, paper machine wire cloth; hangers, paperclips, kitchenware, and wire carts. Rolling mills engaged in manufacturing wire products are classified in major group 33. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing steel nails and spikes from purchased wire or rod are classified in industry 3315; those manufacturing nonferrous wire nails and spikes from purchased wire rod are classified in industry 3399; those drawing and insulating nonferrous wire are classified in industry 3357; and those manufacturing wire springs are classified in industry 3495. The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title also are the same. In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 3496, Miscellaneous Fabricated Wire Products, had employment of 38.8 thousand. The employment figure was 11 percent above the 35.1 thousand reported in 1987. Compared with 1991, employment increased 21 percent. The 1991 data are based on the Census Bureau's annual survey of manufactures (ASM), which is a sample survey conducted each year between censuses. The leading States in employment in 1992 were Illinois, Missouri, Pennsylvania, and California, accounting for approximately 30 percent of the industry's employment. This represents a shift from 1987 when California, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Ohio accounted for approximately 30 percent of the industry's employment. The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry was $3.6 billion. Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts. Industry 3496 shipped $3.2 billion of miscellaneous fabricated wire products considered primary to the industry, $178.7 million of secondary products, and had $160.6 million of miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work. Thus, the ratio of primary products to the total of both secondary and primary products shipped by establishments in this industry was 95 percent (specialization ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio also was 95 percent. Establishments in this industry also accounted for 93 percent of products considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio was 90 percent. The products primary to industry 3496, no matter in what industry they were produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $3.5 billion. For further explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B and the appendixes. The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by establishments classified in the miscellaneous wire products industry amounted to $1.7 billion. Data on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7. Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 5 employees were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry averages. These establishments accounted for 11 percent of the total value of shipments. INDUSTRY 3497, METAL FOIL AND LEAF This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing gold, silver, tin, and other metal foil (including converted metal foil) and leaf. Also included in this industry are establishments primarily engaged in converting metal foil (including aluminum) into wrappers, cookware, dinnerware, and containers, except bags and liners. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing plain aluminum foil are classified in industry 3353. The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title also are the same. In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 3497, Metal Foil and Leaf, had employment of 12.0 thousand. The employment figure was 15 percent above the 10.4 thousand reported in 1987. Compared with 1991, employment increased 16 percent. The 1991 data are based on the Census Bureau's annual survey of manufactures (ASM), which is a sample survey conducted each year between censuses. The leading States in employment in 1992 were North Carolina, New Jersey, Illinois, and Ohio. These same States were the leaders in 1987. The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry was $3.1 billion. Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts. Industry 3497 shipped $2.5 billion of metal foil and leaf products considered primary to the industry, $512.5 million of secondary products, and had $116.3 million of miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work. Thus, the ratio of primary products to the total of both secondary and primary products shipped by establishments in this industry was 83 percent (specialization ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio was 81 percent. Establishments in this industry also accounted for 86 percent of products considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio was 87 percent. The products primary to industry 3497, no matter in what industry they were produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $2.9 billion. For further explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B and the appendixes. The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by establishments classified in the metal foil and leaf industry amounted to $1.8 billion. Data on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7. Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 10 employees were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry averages. These establishments accounted for 1 percent of the total value of shipments. INDUSTRY 3498, FABRICATED PIPE AND FITTINGS This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in fabricating pipe and pipe fittings from purchased pipe, by processes such as cutting, threading, and bending. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing cast iron pipe and pipe fittings, including cast and forged pipe fittings which have been machined and threaded are classified in industry 3321; those manufacturing welded and heavy riveted pipe and seamless steel pipe are classified in industry 3317; and those manufacturing products such as banisters, railings, and guards from pipe are classified in industry 3446. The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title also are the same. In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 3498, Fabricated Pipe and Fittings, had employment of 24.8 thousand. The employment figure was 24 percent above the 20.0 thousand reported in 1987. Compared with 1991, employment increased 21 percent. The 1991 data are based on the Census Bureau's annual survey of manufactures (ASM), which is a sample survey conducted each year between censuses. The leading States in employment in 1992 were Texas, Michigan, California, and Louisiana, accounting for approximately 38 percent of the industry's employment. This represents a shift from 1987 when Michigan, Texas, California, and Pennsylvania accounted for approximately 46 percent of the industry's employment. The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry was $2.8 billion. Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts. Industry 3498 shipped $2.5 billion of fabricated pipe and fittings products considered primary to the industry, $108.8 million of secondary products, and had $156.6 million of miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work. Thus, the ratio of primary products to the total of both secondary and primary products shipped by establishments in this industry was 96 percent (specialization ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio was 97 percent. Establishments in this industry also accounted for 92 percent of products considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio was 91 percent. The products primary to industry 3498, no matter in what industry they were produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $2.8 billion. For further explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B and the appendixes. The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by establishments classified in the fabricated pipe and fittings industry amounted to $1.5 billion. Data on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7. Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 5 employees were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry averages. These establishments accounted for 13 percent of the total value of shipments. INDUSTRY 3499, FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, N.E.C. This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing fabricated metal products, not elsewhere classified, such as fire or burglary resistive steel safes and vaults and similar fir or burglary resistive products; and collapsible tubes of thin flexible metal. Also included in this industry are establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing metal boxes, metal ladders, and metal household articles, such as ice cream freezers and ironing boards. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing concrete burial vaults are classified in industry 3272, and metal burial vaults are classified in industry 3995. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing advertising novelties are classified in industry 3993. The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title also are the same. In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 3499, Fabricated Metal Products, N.E.C., had employment of 69.8 thousand. The employment figure was 4 percent below the 72.5 thousand reported in 1987. Compared with 1991, employment decreased 8 percent. The 1991 data are based on the Census Bureau's annual survey of manufactures (ASM), which is a sample survey conducted each year between censuses. The leading States in employment in 1992 were Pennsylvania, California, Illinois, and Michigan, accounting for approximately 35 percent of the industry's employment. This represents a shift from 1987 when Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, and California accounted for approximately 34 percent of the industry's employment. The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry was $6.9 billion. Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts. Industry 3499 shipped $6.0 billion of fabricated metal products considered primary to the industry, $481.0 million of secondary products, and had $459.8 million of miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work. Thus, the ratio of primary products to the total of both secondary and primary products shipped by establishments in this industry was 93 percent (specialization ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio also was 93 percent. Establishments in this industry also accounted for 92 percent of products considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio was 90 percent. The products primary to industry 3499, no matter in what industry they were produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $6.5 billion. For further explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B and the appendixes. The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by establishments classified in the fabricated metal products, not elsewhere classified industry amounted to $3.2 billion. Data on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7. Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 5 employees were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry averages. These establishments accounted for 22 percent of the total value of shipments.