Description of Industries and Summary of Findings INDUSTRY 3951, PENS AND MECHANICAL PENCILS This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing pens (including ballpoint pens), refill cartridges, mechanical pencils, fine and broad tipped markers, and parts. The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title also are the same. In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 3951, Pens and Mechanical Pencils, had employment of 7.9 thousand. The employment figure was 6 percent below the 8.4 thousand reported in 1987. Compared with 1991, employment decreased 7 percent. The 1991 data are based on the Census Bureau's annual survey of manufactures (ASM), which is a sample survey conducted each year between censuses. The leading States in employment in 1992 were California, Illinois, Rhode Island, and Tennessee. This represents a shift from 1987 when California, Rhode Island, Tennessee, and New York were the leading States. The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry was $1.0 billion. Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts. Industry 3951 shipped $961.7 million of pens and mechanical pencils considered primary to the industry, $48.7 million of secondary products, and had $38.1 million of miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work. Thus, the ratio of primary products to the total of both secondary and primary products shipped by establishments in this industry was 95 percent (specialization ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio was 94 percent. Establishments in this industry also accounted for 78 percent of products considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio was 81 percent. The products primary to industry 3951, no matter in what industry they were produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $1.2 billion. For further explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B and the appendixes. The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by establishments classified in the pens and mechanical pencils industry amounted to $383.4 million. Data on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7. Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 5 employees were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry averages. These establishments accounted for 4 percent of the total value of shipments. INDUSTRY 3952, LEAD PENCILS AND ART GOODS This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing lead pencils, pencil leads, and crayons; and materials and equipment for artwork, such as airbrushes, drawing tables and boards, palettes, sketch boxes, pantographs, artists' colors and waxes, pyrography goods, drawing inks, and drafting materials. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing mechanical pencils are classified in industry 3951, and those manufacturing drafting instruments are classified in industry 3829. The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title also are the same. In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 3952, Lead Pencils and Art Goods, had employment of 7.3 thousand. The employment figure was 30 percent above the 5.6 thousand reported in 1987. Compared with 1991, employment increased 30 percent. The 1991 data are based on the Census Bureau's annual survey of manufactures (ASM), which is a sample survey conducted each year between censuses. The leading States in employment in 1992 were Illinois, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. This represents a shift from 1987 when Tennessee, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and California were the leading States. The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry was $975.9 million. Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts. Industry 3952 shipped $618.9 million of lead pencils and art goods considered primary to the industry, $224.6 million of secondary products, and had $132.4 million of miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work. Thus, the ratio of primary products to the total of both secondary and primary products shipped by establishments in this industry was 73 percent (specialization ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio was 80 percent. Establishments in this industry also accounted for 95 percent of products considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio was 90 percent. The products primary to industry 3952, no matter in what industry they were produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $650.1 million. For further explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B and the appendixes. The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by establishments classified in the lead pencil and art goods industry amounted to $408.9 million. Data on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7. Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 5 employees were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry averages. These establishments accounted for 22 percent of the total value of shipments. INDUSTRY 3953, MARKING DEVICES This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing rubber and metal hand stamps, dies, and seals; steel letters and figures; and stencils for use in painting or marking. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing felt tip markers are classified in industry 3951. The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title also are the same. In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 3953, Marking Devices, had employment of 7.6 thousand. The employment figure was 1 percent above the 7.5 thousand reported in 1987. The leading States in employment in 1992 were California, Illinois, New Jersey, and New York, accounting for approximately 38 percent of the industry's employment. This represents a shift from 1987 when Illinois, California, New York, and Pennsylvania were the leading States. The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry was $553.2 million. Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts. Industry 3953 shipped $451.7 million of marking devices considered primary to the industry, $40.8 million of secondary products, and had $60.7 million of miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work. Thus, the ratio of primary products to the total of both secondary and primary products shipped by establishments in this industry was 92 percent (specialization ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio was 95 percent. Establishments in this industry also accounted for 76 percent of products considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio was 84 percent. The products primary to industry 3953, no matter in what industry they were produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $596.6 million. For further explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B and the appendixes. The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by establishments classified in the marking devices industry amounted to $202.4 million. Data on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7. Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 5 employees were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry averages. These establishments accounted for 15 percent of the total value of shipments. INDUSTRY 3955, CARBON PAPER AND INKED RIBBONS This industry is made up of establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing carbon paper; spirit or gelatin process and other stencil paper; and inked or carbon ribbons for business machines. The 1992 definition of this industry is the same as that used in the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. The SIC number and title also are the same. In the 1992 Census of Manufactures, Industry 3955, Carbon Paper and Inked Ribbons, had employment of 7.2 thousand. The employment figure was 1 percent below the 7.3 thousand reported in 1987. The leading States in employment in 1992 were California, Colorado, New York, and Tennessee. These same States were the leaders in 1987. The total value of shipments for establishments classified in this industry was $831.1 million. Establishments in virtually all industries ship secondary products as well as products primary to the industry in which they are classified and have some miscellaneous receipts, such as resales and contract receipts. Industry 3955 shipped $725.8 million of carbon paper and inked ribbon products considered primary to the industry, $37.0 million of secondary products, and had $68.2 million of miscellaneous receipts, resales, and contract work. Thus, the ratio of primary products to the total of both secondary and primary products shipped by establishments in this industry was 95 percent (specialization ratio). In 1987, the specialization ratio was 98 percent. Establishments in this industry also accounted for 85 percent of products considered primary to the industry no matter where they were actually produced (coverage ratio). In 1987, the coverage ratio was 76 percent. The products primary to industry 3955, no matter in what industry they were produced, appear in file MC92F6A and aggregate to $856.7 million. For further explanation of specialization and coverage ratios, see file MC92F5B and the appendixes. The total cost of materials, services, and fuels and energy used by establishments classified in the carbon paper and inked ribbon industry amounted to $432.2 million. Data on specific materials consumed appear in file MC92F7. Single-establishment companies in this industry with less than 10 employees were excluded from the mail portion of the census. The data for these establishments (and a small number of larger establishments whose reports were not received at the time the data were tabulated) were obtained from administrative records of other agencies or developed from industry averages. These establishments accounted for 2 percent of the total value of shipments.