This industry comprises establishments known as publishers (except newspaper, magazine, book, directory, mailing list, and music publishers). These establishments may publish works in print or electronic form.

Cross-References.

Establishments publishing exclusively on the Internet are classified in Industry 51913, Internet Publishing and Broadcasting and Web Search Portals;

Establishments known as newspaper publishers are classified in Industry 51111, Newspaper Publishers;

Establishments known as magazine and other periodical publishers are classified in Industry 51112, Periodical Publishers;

Establishments known as book publishers are classified in Industry 51113, Book Publishers;

Establishments primarily engaged in publishing directories and mailing lists are classified in Industry 51114, Directory and Mailing List Publishers;

Establishments known as music publishers are classified in Industry 51223, Music Publishers; and

Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing manifold business forms are classified in Industry 32311, Printing.