This industry comprises establishments known as publishers (except newspaper, magazine, book, directory, mailing list, and music publishers). These establishments may publish works in print or electronic form.

Cross-References.

• Establishments publishing exclusively on the Internet are classified in Industry 51913, Internet Publishing and Broadcasting and Web Search Portals;
• Establishments known as newspaper publishers are classified in Industry 51111, Newspaper Publishers;
• Establishments known as magazine and other periodical publishers are classified in Industry 51112, Periodical Publishers;
• Establishments known as book publishers are classified in Industry 51113, Book Publishers;
• Establishments primarily engaged in publishing directories and mailing lists are classified in Industry 51114, Directory and Mailing List Publishers;
• Establishments known as music publishers are classified in Industry 51223, Music Publishe rs; and
• Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing manifold business forms are classified in Industry 32311, Printing.