INFORMATION ON GOODS AND SERVICES


 
GOODS
CENSUS BASIS

The Census basis goods data are compiled from the documents collected by the 
U.S. Customs and Border Protection and reflect the movement of goods between 
foreign countries and the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, 
the U.S. Virgin Islands, and U.S. Foreign Trade Zones.  They include government 
and non-government shipments of goods, and exclude shipments between the United 
States and its territories and possessions, transactions with U.S. military, 
diplomatic and consular installations abroad, U.S. goods returned to the United 
States by its Armed Forces, personal and household effects of travelers, and in-
transit shipments.  The General Imports value reflects the total arrival of 
merchandise from foreign countries that immediately enters consumption channels, 
warehouses, or Foreign Trade Zones.

For imports, the value reported is the U.S. Customs and Border Protection 
appraised value of merchandise; generally, the price paid for merchandise for 
export to the United States.  Import duties, freight, insurance, and other 
charges incurred in bringing merchandise to the United States are excluded.

Exports are valued at the f.a.s.- free alongside ship value of merchandise at 
the U.S. port of export, based on the transaction price including inland freight, 
insurance, and other charges incurred in placing the merchandise alongside the 
carrier at the U.S. port of exportation.

Monthly data include actual month's transactions as well as a small number of 
transactions for previous months.  Each month we revise the aggregate seasonally 
adjusted (current and chain-weighted dollar) and unadjusted export, import and 
trade balance figures, as well as the end-use totals for the prior month.  SITC 
and country detail data are not revised monthly.  The timing adjustment shown in 
Exhibit 14 is the difference between monthly data as originally reported and as 
recompiled. Quarterly revisions are made to the chain-weighted dollar series. In 
the last month of each quarter, the current and previous quarter are revised to 
incorporate the Bureau of Labor Statistics monthly revisions and align Census 
and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis quarterly data. Annual revisions for 
the months are made in June to reflect corrections received subsequent to the 
monthly revisions. These revisions are reflected in totals, end-use, SITC, and 
country summary data. The monthly end-use, commodity, and country and area data 
presented in this release are on a Census basis.  This refers to Exhibits 6 - 18.
 


U.S./CANADA DATA EXCHANGE AND SUBSTITUTION

The data for U.S. exports to Canada are derived from import data compiled by 
Canada.  The use of Canada's import data to produce U.S. export data requires 
several alignments in order to compare the two series.

1.	Coverage -- Canadian imports are based on country of origin.  U.S. 
goods shipped from a third country are included.  U.S. exports exclude these 
foreign shipments. For January 2010, these shipments totaled $102.7 million.  
U.S. export coverage also excludes certain Canadian postal shipments.  For 
January 2010, these shipments totaled $19.1 million.

U.S. import coverage includes shipments of railcars and locomotives from Canada.  
Effective with January 2004 statistics, Canada excludes these shipments from its 
goods exports to the United States, therefore creating coverage differences 
between the two countries for these goods.

2.	Valuation -- Canadian imports are valued at the point of origin in the 
United States.  However, U.S. exports are valued at the port of exit in the United 
States and include inland freight charges, making the U.S. export value slightly 
larger.  Canada requires inland freight to be reported. Combining the inland 
freight and the Canadian reported import value provides a consistent valuation 
for all U.S. exports.  Inland freight charges for January 2010 accounted for 2.5 
percent of the value of U.S. exports to Canada.

3.	Reexports -- U.S. exports include reexports of foreign goods.  Again, the 
aggregate U.S. export figure is slightly larger.  For January 2010, reexports to 
Canada were  $2,974.3 million.

4.	Exchange Rate -- Average monthly exchange rates are applied to convert 
the published data to U.S. currency. For January 2010, the average exchange rate 
was 1.0438 Canadian dollars per U.S. dollar.

5.	Other -- There are other minor differences, which are statistically 
insignificant, such as rounding error.


 
Canadian Estimates

Effective with January 2001 statistics, the current month data for exports to Canada 
contain an estimate for late arrivals and corrections.  The following month, this 
estimate is replaced, in the press release tables only, with the actual value of 
late receipts and corrections.  This estimate improves the current month data for 
exports to Canada and treats late receipts for exports to Canada in a manner more 
consistent with the treatment of late receipts for exports to other countries.
Nonsampling errors

The goods data are a complete enumeration of documents collected by the U.S. Customs 
and Border Protection and are not subject to sampling errors; but they are subject to 
several types of nonsampling errors.  Quality assurance procedures are performed at 
every stage of collection, processing and tabulation; however the data are still 
subject to several types of nonsampling errors.  The most significant of these include 
reporting errors, undocumented shipments, timeliness, data capture errors, and errors 
in the estimation of low-valued transactions.

Reporting Errors: Reporting errors are mistakes or omissions made by importers, 
exporters or their agents in their import or export declarations.  Most errors involve 
missing or invalid commodity classification codes and missing or incorrect quantities 
or shipping weights.  They have a negligible effect on import, export and balance of 
trade statistics.  However, they can affect the detailed commodity statistics.

Undocumented Shipments: Federal regulations require importers, exporters or their 
agents to report all merchandise shipments above established exemption levels.  The 
U.S. Census Bureau has determined that not all required documents are filed, 
particularly for exports.

Timeliness and Data Capture Errors: The U.S. Census Bureau captures import and export 
information from administrative documents and through various automated collection 
programs.  Documents may be lost, and data may be incorrectly keyed, coded or recorded.  
Transactions may be included in a subsequent months statistics if received late.

Low-valued Transactions: The total values of transactions valued as much as or below 
$2,500 for exports and $2,000 ($250 for certain quota items) for imports are estimated 
for each country, using factors based on the ratios of low-valued shipments to individual 
country totals for past periods.

The U.S. Census Bureau recommends that data users incorporate this information into 
their analyses, as nonsampling errors could impact the conclusion drawn from the results.  
For a detailed discussion of errors affecting the goods data, see U.S. Merchandise Trade 
Statistics: A Quality Profile available on the internet at 
www.census.gov/foreign-trade/aip/index.html#infopapers or from the Foreign Trade Division, 
U.S. Census Bureau.
 


AREA GROUPINGS (See Exhibits 14 and 14A)

North America - Canada, Mexico

Europe - Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbijan, Belarus, Belgium, 
Bosnia-Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, 
Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, 
Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, 
Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, 
Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Svalbard-Jan 
Mayen Island, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United 
Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Vatican City.

European Union - Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, 
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, 
Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United 
Kingdom.

Euro Area - Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, 
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain.

Pacific Rim - Australia, Brunei, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Macao, Malaysia, 
New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan.

South/Central America - Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, 
Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, 
Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Falkland Islands, 
French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, 
Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. 
Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, 
Uruguay, Venezuela.

OPEC - Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, 
United Arab Emirates, Venezuela.

Africa - Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, British Indian Ocean Territories, Burkina, Burundi, 
Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo 
(Kinshasa), Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, French Southern and Antarctic 
Lands, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, 
Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, 
Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, St. Helena, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra 
Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Western Sahara, 
Zambia, Zimbabwe.


 
Adjustments for Seasonal and Working-Day Variations

Goods are initially classified under the Harmonized System (HS) which describes and measures 
the characteristics of goods traded.  Combining trade into approximately 140 export and 140 
import end-use categories makes it possible to examine goods according to their principal uses 
(See Exhibits 7 and 8).  These categories are used as the basis for computing the seasonal and 
working-day adjusted data.  These adjusted data are then summed to the six end-use aggregates 
for publication (Exhibit 6).  These data are provided to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 
from the U.S. Census Bureau, for use in the Balance of Payments and the National Income and 
Product Accounts.

The seasonal adjustment procedure is based on a model that estimates the monthly movements as 
percentages above or below the general level of each end-use commodity series (unlike other 
methods that redistribute the actual series values over the calendar year).  Because of the 
extremely variable movements of the data series for aircraft, users studying data trends may 
wish to analyze aircraft separately from other trade.



Adjustments for Price Change

Data adjusted for seasonal variation on a chained-dollar basis (2005 base year) are presented 
in Exhibits 10 and 11.  This adjustment for price change is done using the Fisher chain-weighted 
methodology.  The deflators are primarily based upon the monthly price indexes published by the 
Bureau of Labor Statistics using techniques developed for the National Income and Product 
Accounts by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.



SITC Data

Goods data appearing in Exhibit 15 are classified in terms of the Standard International Trade 
Classification (SITC) Revision 3.  Agricultural goods consist of non-marine food products and 
other products of agriculture which have not passed through complex processes of manufacture, 
such as raw hides and skins, fats and oils, and wine. A few goods such as essential oils, starches, 
casein, and albumin, considered to be agricultural by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, have 
been excluded from agricultural goods and are included in manufactured goods where they are 
classified in the SITC.

Manufactured goods conform to the SITC sections that include chemicals and related products; 
manufactured goods classified chiefly by material; machinery and transport equipment; miscellaneous 
manufactured articles; and goods and transactions not classified elsewhere.

Reexports are foreign merchandise entering the country as imports, and at the time of exportation 
are in substantially the same condition as when imported.  Reexports, included in overall export 
totals, appear as separate line items in Exhibit 15.
 


Advanced Technology Products (ATP)
About 500 of some 22,000 commodity classification codes used in reporting U.S. merchandise trade 
are identified as "advanced technology" codes and they meet the following criteria:

1.	The code contains products whose technology is from a recognized high technology field (e.g., biotechnology).
2.	These products represent leading edge technology in that field.
3.	Such products constitute a significant part of all items covered in the selected classification code.

The aggregation of the goods results in a measure of advanced technology trade which appears in 
Exhibits 16 and 16A.  This product and commodity-based measure of advanced technology differs from 
broader NAICS industry-based measures which include all goods produced by a particular industry 
group, regardless of the level of technology embodied in the goods.

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (BOP) BASIS
Goods on a Census basis are adjusted by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis to goods on a BOP basis to 
bring the data in line with the concepts and definitions used to prepare the international and national 
accounts.  Broadly, the adjustments include changes in ownership that occur without goods passing into or 
out of the customs territory of the United States.  These adjustments are necessary to supplement coverage of the Census basis data, to eliminate duplication of transactions recorded elsewhere in the international accounts, and to value transactions according to a standard definition.
The export adjustments include:
U.S. military sales contracts - This deduction of U.S. military sales contracts is made because the U.S. Census Bureau has included these contracts in the goods data, but BEA includes them in the services category "Transfers Under U.S. Military Sales Contracts."
Private gift parcels - This addition is made for parcels mailed to foreigners by individuals through the U.S. Postal Service.  (Only commercial shipments are covered in Census goods exports.)
Gold exports, nonmonetary - This addition is made for gold that is purchased by foreign official agencies from private dealers in the United States and held at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.  The Census data only include gold that leaves the customs territory.
 
Some other adjustments are also made to exports:
Deductions for repairs of goods, developed motion picture film, and military grant-aid.  Additions for sales of fish in U.S. territorial waters, exports of electricity to Mexico, and vessels and oil rigs that change ownership for which no export document is filed.

The import adjustments include:
Inland freight in Canada and Mexico - An addition is made for inland freight in Canada and Mexico.  Imports of goods from all countries are valued at the foreign port of export, including inland freight charges (customs value).  In the case of Canada and Mexico, this should be the cost of the goods at the U.S. border.  However, the customs value for imports for certain Canadian or Mexican goods is the point of origin in Canada or Mexico.  The BEA makes an addition for the inland freight charges of transporting these goods to the U.S. border to make the value comparable to the customs value as reported by all other countries. 
Gold imports, nonmonetary - This addition is made for gold sold by foreign official agencies to private purchasers out of stock held at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.  The Census data only include gold that enters the customs territory.
Imports by U.S. military agencies - This deduction of U.S. military sales contracts is made because the U.S. Census Bureau has included these contracts in the goods data, but BEA includes them in the services category "Direct Defense Expenditures."  BEA's source material is more comprehensive, but has no distinction between goods and services.
Locomotives and railcars - An addition is made for imports of certain locomotives and railcars that are not reported to U.S. Customs and not included in Census data.  Estimates based on trade data from other countries are included beginning with January 2001, when a reporting exclusion began to materially impact the total value of U.S. imports of locomotives and railcars.
Some other adjustments are also made to imports:
Deductions for repairs of goods and developed motion picture film.  Additions for imported electricity from Mexico, conversion of vessels for commercial use, repairs to U.S. vessels abroad, and valuation of software imports at market value.

SERVICES
The statistics are estimates of services transactions between foreign countries and the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and other U.S. territories and possessions.  Transactions with U.S. military, diplomatic, and consular installations abroad are excluded because they are considered to be part of the U.S. economy.
Services are shown in seven broad categories.  Types of services for imports and exports are the same for six of the seven categories.  For the seventh, exports is "Transfers Under U.S. Military Sales Contracts" while for imports the category is "Direct Defense Expenditures."  The following is a brief description of the types of services included in each category:
Travel - Purchases of services and goods by U.S. travelers abroad and by foreign visitors to the United States.  A traveler is defined as a person who stays for a period of less than 1 year in a country of which the person is not a resident.  Includes expenditures for food, lodging, recreation, gifts, and other items incidental to a foreign visit.
Passenger Fares - Fares paid by residents of one country to residents of other countries.  Receipts consist of fares received by U.S. carriers from foreign residents for travel between the United States and foreign countries and between two foreign points.  Payments consist of fares paid by U.S. residents to foreign carriers for travel between the United States and foreign countries.
Other Transportation - Charges for the transportation of goods by ocean, air, waterway, pipeline, and rail carriers to and from the United States.  Includes freight charges, operating expenses that transportation companies incur in foreign ports, and payments for vessel charter and aircraft rentals with crew.
Royalties and License Fees - Transactions with affiliated and unaffiliated foreign residents.  (The term affiliated refers to a direct investment relationship, which exists when a U.S. person has ownership or control, directly or indirectly, of 10 percent or more of a foreign business enterprises voting securities or the equivalent, or when a foreign person has a similar interest in a U.S. enterprise.)  Transactions involve intangible assets and proprietary rights such as the use of patents, techniques, processes, formulas, designs, know-how, trademarks, copyrights, franchises, and manufacturing rights.  The term "royalties" generally refers to payments for the utilization of copyrights or trademarks, and the term "license fees" generally refers to payments for the use of patents or industrial processes.
Other Private Services - Transactions with affiliated and unaffiliated foreign residents.  (The term affiliated refers to a direct investment relationship, which exists when a U.S. person has ownership or control, directly or indirectly, of 10 percent or more of a foreign business enterprises voting securities or the equivalent, or when a foreign person has a similar interest in a U.S. enterprise.)  Transactions consist of education services; financial services (includes commissions and other transactions fees associated with the purchase and sale of securities and noninterest income of banks, and excludes investment income); insurance services; telecommunications services (includes transmission services and value-added services); business, professional, and technical services (includes advertising services; computer and data processing services; database and other information services; research, development, and testing services; management, consulting, and public relations services; legal services; construction services; architectural and engineering services; mining services; industrial engineering services; installation, maintenance, and repair of equipment; and medical services); and other services (includes film and tape rentals).
Transfers Under U.S. Military Sales Contracts (Exports only) - Exports of goods and services in which U.S. government military agencies participate.  Includes both goods, such as equipment, and services, such as repair services and training, that cannot be separately identified.
Direct Defense Expenditures (Imports only) - Expenditures incurred by U.S. military agencies abroad, including expenditures by U.S. personnel, payments of wages to foreign residents, construction expenditures, payments for foreign contractual services, and procurement of foreign goods.
U.S. Government Miscellaneous Services - Transactions of U.S. government nonmilitary agencies with foreign residents.  Most of these transactions involve the provision of services to, or purchases of services from, foreigners; transfers of some goods are also included.
Services estimates are based on quarterly, annual, and benchmark surveys and partial information generated from monthly reports.  Service transactions are estimated at market prices.  Estimates are seasonally adjusted when statistically significant seasonal patterns are present.  No country or area detail is available due to the lack of adequate source data upon which to base estimates.
The revision policy is as follows:  Each month, a preliminary estimate for the current month and a revised estimate for the immediately preceding month are released.  After the initial revision, no further changes are made to that month until more complete source data become available in March, June, September, and December. The releases in March, June, September, and December contain revised estimates for the previous six months. The release in March also contains revisions for all months of the previous year in order to align the seasonally adjusted monthly data with annual totals.  The release in June contains annual revisions, which reflect updated source data and changes in estimating methodologies.


MONTHLY RELEASE SCHEDULE
Month	Date	Day
		
Nov	01-12-10	Tuesday
Dec	02-10-10	Wednesday
Jan	03-11-10	Thursday
Feb	04-13-10	Tuesday
Mar	05-12-10	Wednesday
Apr	06-10-10	Thursday
May	07-13-10	Tuesday
Jun	08-11-10	Wednesday
Jul	09-09-10	Thursday
Aug	10-14-10	Thursday
Sep	11-10-10	Wednesday
Oct	12-10-10	Friday
		
 
Quarterly and annual estimates of services are included as part of the U.S. international transactions accounts, published in news releases in March, June, September, and December and in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Survey of Current Business.  The next release of the international transactions accounts is scheduled       for March 18, 2010.  The Survey is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or online at www.bea.gov/scb/index.htm.

ELECTRONIC AVAILABILITY

The FT-900 and supplement are available on the following:

INTERNET The U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services reports are available at:  www.census.gov/ft900 or www.bea.gov/newsreleases/international/trade/tradnewsrelease.htm.

STAT-USA The U.S. Department of Commerce's electronic information facility. Call 1 800 STAT-USA for product information.

Additional data and information on goods are obtainable from: Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C.  20233

Additional data and information on services are obtainable from: Balance of Payments Division, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, D.C.  
